| Article Details : |
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| | | Article Name : | | | Microbial Quality of Drinking and Utility Water in Food Establishments in El Madinah El Munawwara: Assessment of Filtration Effectiveness and Contamination Sources | | Author Name : | | | Shafag H. M. Kirkusawo, Bushra Al-Belaihshi Qassem, Anhar Al-Mowafi Mohammed, Morouj Fuad Shaker, Abrar Aljohani Marzouq, Adnan Zakaria Abdullah, Reem Saleh Alkadi, Anas M. Elnazeer | | Publisher : | | | Bridge Center | | Article URL : |  | | | Abstract : | | | The microbial quality of drinking and utility water is very important for public health and environmental safety. Contaminated water can contain harmful microorganisms that may cause different diseases. For this reason governments set standards for drinking water quality and require regular testing to ensure safety.
This study assessed the microbial quality of drinking and utility water in fourteen food facilities in Al Madinah Al Munawwara from 16 June 2025 to 20 July 2025. A total of twenty-eight water samples were collected from fourteen facilities located in five municipalities. Samples were taken before and after water filtration. The presence of Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, coliform bacteria, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was tested using the membrane filtration method. Reference materials for each bacterium were used to confirm the accuracy of the results.
The findings showed that contamination was present in both pre-filter and post-filter samples at a rate of 16.7%. Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 8.3% of both pre-filter and post-filter samples. Coliform bacteria were found in 6.3% of pre-filter samples and 14.6% of post-filter samples. Escherichia coli was detected in 6.3% of pre-filter samples and 4.2% of post-filter samples. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was detected in 10.4% of pre-filter .samples and 8.3% of post-filter sample
The study concludes that filtration alone is not sufficient to fully control microbial contamination. Poorly maintained filters may also contribute to secondary contamination. Therefore, the study recommends using high-efficiency filters with dual filtration systems, along with regular cleaning and sterilization of pipelines before and after filtration, to ensure safe water use in food facilities .
| | Keywords : | | | microbial quality, drinking and utility water, food establishments, El Madinah El Munawwara, filtration effectiveness, contamination sources |
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